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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than what one might expect. The country is looking for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the period. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was recorded for the first time. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm is in flux. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears over potential job losses. The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights significant factors that may be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event drew a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31, 1980. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches. One instance of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches, which hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. During this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other instruments of music. Korea's new development model is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. 에볼루션 룰렛 are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.